DI poskan oleh Wijayanto
FIRST MEETING
It has long been known that when the green parts of plants are exposed to light under suitable conditions of temperature and moisture, carbon dioxide is absorbed by the plant from the atmospheric CO2, and oxygen is released into the air. This exchange of gases in plants is the opposite of the process that occurs in respiration. In this plant process, which is called photosynthesis, carbohydrates are synthesized in the presence of light from carbon dioxide and water by specialized structures in the cytoplasm of plant cells called chloroplasts. These chloroplasts contain not only two types of light-trapping green chlorophyll but also a vast array of protein substances called enzymes. In most plants, the water required by the photosynthesis process is absorbed from the soil by the roots and translocated through the xylem of the root and stem to the chlorophyll-laden leaves. Except for the usually small percentage used in respiration, the oxygen released in the process diffuses out of the leaf into the atmosphere through stomates. In simple terms, carbon dioxide is the fuel, and the oxygen is the product of the chemical reaction. For each molecule of carbon dioxide used, one molecule of oxygen is released. Here is a summary chemical equation for photosynthesis : 6CO2 + 6H2O ® C6H12O6 + 6O2
As a result of this process, radiant energy from the sun is stored as chemical energy. In turn, the chemical energy is used to decompose carbon dioxide and water. The products of their decomposition are recombined into a new compound, which successively builds up into the more and more complex substances that comprise the plant. These organic substances, that is, the sugars, starches, and cellulose, all belong to the class of organic molecules. In other words, the process of photosynthesis can be understood as an enzyme-induced chemical change from carbon dioxide and water into the simple sugar glucose. This carbohydrate, in turn, is utilized by the plant to generate other forms of energy, such as the long chains of plant cells or polymers that comprise the cellular structures of starches or cellulose. Many intermediate steps are involved in the production of a simple sugar or starch. At the same time, a balance of gases is preserved in the atmosphere by the process of photosynthesis.
- The combination of carbon dioxide and water to form sugar results in an excess of
a. A. water B. oxygen C. carbon D. chlorophyl
- Which process is the opposite of photosynthesis?
a. A. Decomposition C. Diffusion
b. B. Synthesization D. Respiration
- In photosynthesis, energy from the sun is
a. changed to chemical energy
b. conducted from the xylem to the leaves of green plants
c. not necessary to the process
d. released one to one for each molecule of carbon dioxide used
- The word stored in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
a. A. retained C. discovered
b. B. converted D. specified
- The word their in paragraph 2 refers to
a. radiant energy and chemical energy
b. carbon dioxide and water
c. products
d. complex substances
- The word successively in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
a. A. with effort B. in a sequence C. Slowly D. carefully
- Besides the manufacturer of food for plants, what is another
benefit of photosynthesis?
A. It produces solar energy
B. It diffuses additional carbon dioxide into the air
C. It maintains a balance of gases in the atmosphere
D. It removes harmful gases from the air
- Which of the following is NOT true of the oxygen used in
photosynthesis?
A. Oxygen is absorbed by the roots
B. Oxygen is the product of photosynthesis
C. Oxygen is used in respiration
D. Oxygen is released into the atmosphere through the
Leaves
- Which title best expresses the ideas in this passage?
A. A Chemical Equation
B. The Process of Photosynthesis
C. The Parts of Vascular Plants
D. The Production of Sugar
STRUCTURE
PROBLEMS WITH PREPOSITIONS
• Prepositions are words or phrases that clarify relationships. Prepositions are usually followed by nouns and pronouns. Sometimes the nouns are –ing form nouns.
• Prepositions are also used in idioms.
Problem 103: Place – Between and Among
• Remember that between and among have the same meaning, but between is used with two nouns and among is used with three or more nouns or a plural noun.
between noun 1 noun 2
The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist
among noun 1 noun 2 noun 3
The rent payments are divided among Don, Bill, and Gene
Avoid using between with three or more nouns or a plural noun.
Examples
Incorrect: The choice is between a vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry ice cream cone.
Correct : The choice is among a vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry ice cream cone.
Incorrect: Rick and his wife can usually solve their problems among them.
Correct : Rick and his wife can usually solve their problems between them.
Incorrect: Profits are divided between the stockholders of the corporation.
Correct : Profits are divided among the stockholders of the corporation.
Incorrect: The votes were evenly divided among the Democratic candidate and
the Republican Candidate.
Correct : The votes were evenly divided between the Democratic candidate and the Republican Candidate.
Incorrect: The property was divided equally among his son and daughter.
Correct : The property was divided equally between his son and daughter.
Problem 104: Place – In, On and At
• Remember that in, on, and at have similar meanings, but they are used with different kinds of places. In general, in is used before large places; on is used before middle–sized places; and at is used before numbers in addresses. Finally, in is used again before very small places.
in COUNTRY on STREET at NUMBER in a corner
STATE STREET CORNER (of a room)
PROVINCE COAST a room
COUNTY RIVER a building
CITY a ship a park
a train a car
a plane a boat
in COUNTRY in STATE in CITY
We live in the United States in North Carolina in Jacksonville
on COUNTRY on RIVER at NUMBER
on the East Coast on New River at 2600 River Road
Avoid using in instead of on for streets and other middle-sized places
Examples
Incorrect: Cliff can live on Yellowstone National Park because he is
a park ranger.
Correct : Cliff can live in Yellowstone National Park because he is a park ranger.
Incorrect: Is domino’s Pizza in Tenth Street?
Correct : Is domino’s Pizza on Tenth Street?
Incorrect: The apartments at the Hudson River are more expensive than the ones across the street.
Correct : The apartments on the Hudson River are more expensive than the ones across the street.
Incorrect: We are going to stay overnight on Chicago.
Correct : We are going to stay overnight in Chicago.
Incorrect: Let’s take our vacation in the coast instead of in the mountains.
Correct : Let’s take our vacation on the coast instead of in the mountains.
Problem 105: Time – In, On and At
• Remember that in, on, and at have similar meanings, but they are used with different times. In general, in is used before large units of time; on is used before middle–sized units of time; and at is used before numbers in clock time.
• Idiomatic phrases such as in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night, at noon, must be learned individually like vocabulary.
In YEAR on Day at TIME
MONTH DATE
in YEAR in MONTH on DAY at TIME
Lily was born in 1919 in December on Sunday at 7:00
Avoid using in before days and dates
Examples
Incorrect: I would rather take classes on the afternoon.
Correct : I would rather take classes in the afternoon.
Incorrect: Gloria has a part-time job in the night.
Correct : Gloria has a part-time job at night.
Incorrect: The rainy season begins on July.
Correct : The rainy season begins in July.
Incorrect: The graduation is in May 20.
Correct : The graduation is on May 20.
Incorrect: We came to the United States on 1997.
Correct : We came to the United States in 1997.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel, a Swedish inventor and philanthropist, bequeathed most of his vast fortune to a trust that he designated as a fund from which annual prizes could be awarded to the individuals and organizations that had achieved through invention or discovery that which would have the greatest benefit to humanity in a particular year. According to the legend, Nobel’s death had been erroneously reported in newspaper, and the focus of the obituary was the fact that Nobel had invented dynamite. He rewrote his will in 1895, thereby establishing, with the original amount of nine million dollars, the Nobel Foundation as the legal owner and administering agent of the funds, and instituting the prizes that are named after him. Statutes to govern the awarding of the prizes were written, along with guidelines for operating procedures. Five years after Nobel’s death, the first five prizes, worth about forty thousand dollars each, were to be awarded.
Originally the five classifications for outstanding contributions designated in Nobel’s will included chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature, and international peace. These prizes have been administered continually by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm since they were first awarded in 1901. In 1969, a sixth prize, for accomplishments in the field of economics and endowed by the Central Bank of Sweden, was added. Candidates for the prizes must be nominated in writing by February 1 of each year by a qualified and recognized authority in each of the fields of competition. Recipients in physics, chemistry, and economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy, whereas recipients in peace are chosen by the Norwegian Nobel Committee appointed by Norway’s parliament. With the King of Sweden officiating, the prizes are usually presented in Stockholm on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death. The value, fame, and prestige of the Nobel Prizes have continued to grow. Today the prize includes a medal, a diploma, and a cash award of about one million dollars.
- Why were the prizes named for Alfred Bernhard Nobel?
A. He left money in his will to establish a fund for the prizes
B. He won the first Nobel Prize for his work in philanthropy
C. He is now living in Sweden
D. He serves as chairman of the committee to choose the recipients of the prizes
- How often are the Nobel Prizes awarded?
A. A. Five times a year C. Twice a year
B. B. Once a year D. Once every two years
- The word will in paragraph 1 refers to
A. A. Nobel’s wishes C. a future intention
B. B. a legal document D. a free choice
- The word outstanding in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by
A. A. recent B. unusual C. Established D. exceptional
- A Nobel Prize would NOT be given to
A. an author who wrote a novel
B. a doctor who discovered a vaccine
C. a composer who wrote a symphony
D. a diplomat who negotiated a peace settlement
- What does the author mean by the statement :
These prizes have been administered continually by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm since they were first awarded in 1901?
A. The Nobel Foundation oversees the management of the money and the distribution of the prizes
B. The Nobel Foundation selects the recipients of the prizes
C. The Nobel Foundation solicits applications and recommendations for the prizes
D. The Nobel foundation recommends new prize classifications
- Why are the award presented on December 10?
A. It is a tribute to the King of Sweden
B. Alfred Bernhard Nobel died on that
C. That date was established in Alfred Nobel’s will
D. The Central Bank of Sweden administers the trust
- What does this passage mainly discuss?
A. Alfred Bernhard Nobel
B. The Nobel Prizes
C. Great contributions to mankind
D. Swedish philanthropy
Problem 106: Addition – Besides
• Remember that besides means in addition to. Beside means near.
noun
besides adjective
Besides our dog, we have two cats and a canary
Beside white, we stock green and blue
beside noun
We sat beside the teacher
Avoid using beside instead of besides to mean in addition.
Examples
Incorrect: Beside Marge, three couples are invited.
Correct : Besides Marge, three couples are invited.
Incorrect: Beside Domino’s, four other pizza places deliver.
Correct : Besides Domino’s, four other pizza places deliver.
Incorrect: To lead a well-balanced life, you need to have other
interests beside studying.
Correct : To lead a well-balanced life, you need to have other
interests besides studying.
Incorrect: Beside taxi service, there isn’t any public transportation
in town.
Correct : Besides taxi service, there isn’t any publictransportation in town.
Incorrect: Janice has lots of friends beside her roommate.
Correct : Janice has lots of friends besides her roommate.
Incorrect: You can put everything but for those silk blouses in the washer.
Correct : You can put everything but those silk blouses in the washer.
or
You can put everything except those silk blouses in the washer.
Incorrect: Everyone except to Larry wants sugar in the tea.
Correct : Everyone but Larry wants sugar in the tea.
or
Everyone except Larry wants sugar in the tea.
Incorrect: No one excepting Kathy knows very much about it.
Correct : No one but Kathy knows very much about it.
or
No one except Kathy knows very much about it.
Incorrect: The mail comes at ten o’clock every day not Saturday.
Correct : The mail comes at ten o’clock every day but Saturday.
or
The mail comes at ten o’clock every day except Saturday.
Problem 108: Replacement – Instead of and Instead
• Remember that instead of and instead both mean in place of, but instead of is used before a noun, adjective, or adverb, and instead is used at the end of a sentence or a clause to refer to a noun, adjective, or adverb that has already been mentioned.
noun noun
adjective adjective
adverb instead of adverb
We went to Colorado instead of abroad on our vacation this year You should be firm instead of patient in this case
Treat the dog gently instead of roughly
noun
adjective
adverb instead
We went to Colorado instead
You should be firm instead
Treat the dog gently instead
Avoid using instead before a noun.
Examples
Incorrect: Bob’s father wanted him to be an engineer instead a geologist.
Correct : Bob’s father wanted him to be an engineer instead of a geologist. or
Bob’s father wanted him to be an engineer instead.
Incorrect: Could I have rice instead potatoes, please?
Correct : Could I have rice instead of potatoes, please? or
Could I have rice instead, please?
Incorrect: Paula’s problem is that she likes to go to the movies stead of to class.
Correct : Paula’s problem is that she likes to go to the movies instead of to class. or
Paula’s problem is that she likes to go to the movies instead.
Incorrect: We chose Terry instead from Gene as our representative.
Correct : We chose Terry instead of Gene as our representative. or
We chose Terry instead.
Incorrect: It is important to eat well at lunchtime in place buying snacks
from vending machines.
Correct : It is important to eat well at lunchtime instead of buying snacks from vending machines. or
It is important to eat well at lunchtime instead.
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